2015年12月英语六级翻译必备知识：虚拟语气

　　虚拟语气：与事实相反的

　　一、 if从句：

　　即 主句……, if 从句……

　　1、倒装代替if从句：Had\Were\Should ……，主句…… 2、but for = without(如果不是)代替if从句， 两个都是介词 But for \without + 名词 ，主句…… 3、with + 名词 ，主句 ……

　　4、if only + (if 从句) 要是……该多好

　　二、宾语从句：

　　1、I suggest(表示命令;建议;请求) that …… shoule +do……

　　(在虚拟语气中，shoule have done = ought to have done,其他时候should 不等于ought to) 2、I wish that ……(用虚拟语气)

　　三、主语从句：

　　1、it is +adj\n that + 虚拟

　　2、it is +done(表示建议、要求)that + 虚拟

　　四、目的状语：

　　Lest或者for fear that + (虚拟语气)should do

　　五、隐藏虚拟语气：

　　本打算做但结果没有做的

　　1、had hoped\intended\planned\expected\wanted\meant to do 2、hoped to have done

　　3、be(was\were) + to have done 4、would\should like to have done Would have done 表意愿、将来

　　Should have done 竟然做了、本应该做的 Could have done 有能力做 Might have done 表示猜测

　　Need have done 本来需要做的却没有做

　　六、主从句时间不一致情况下的虚拟语气

　　有时条件从句中的动作和结果与主句中的动作，发生的时间不一致，这时动作的形式应根据它所表示的时间加以调整。如：

　　1. 从句表示过去，主句表示将来：

　　⑴、 If they had started the early morning yesterday, they would be here now.

　　⑵、 If we hadn' t made adequate preparations, we shouldn' t dare to do the experiment next week。

　　2. 从句表示将来，主句表示过去： ⑴、 If I were not to make a preparation for my experiment this afternoon, I would have gone to see the film with you last night.

　　3.从句表示将来，主句表示现在：

　　⑴、 If we shouldn't have an exam this afternoon, I would go shopping now.

　　4.从句表示过去，主句表示现在。

　　⑴、 If they had stared the early morning yesterday, they would be here now. ⑵、 If you had followed my advice, you would be able to finish the work now.

　　6.从句表示现在，主句表示过去

　　⑴、 If I were you, I would have gone to her birthday party.如果我是你，我就去参加她的生日晚会了。 (从句说明现在，主句说明过去。 )

　　7.从句表示过去，主句表示过去和现在 ⑴、 If you hadn't lent me some money, I couldn't have bought the new house and most likely I would be still living in the dangerous house now.

　　在不少情况下，虚拟式已变成习惯说法，很难找出其暗含的条件。

　　(1) You wouldn't know. 你不会知道。

　　(2) I would like to come. 我愿意来。

　　(3) I wouldn't have dreamed of it. 这是我做梦也不会想到的。

　　(4) He told the story in such minute detail that he might himself have been an eye-witness. 他将那事讲的非常仔细，简直就象他亲眼看见一样。

　　条件从句中省略 if 采用倒装语序的情况

　　在 if引导的表示虚拟的条件状语从句中，有时可以把含有助动词、情态动词、 be或 have的虚拟条件句中的连词 if 省去，而将 had , should, were 等词提到主语之前，即用倒装结构。

　　1). 原句： If she were younger, she would do it.

　　去 If： Were she younger, she would do it. (把动词 were移到主语 she的前面 )

　　2). 原句： If he had tried it, he could have done it.

　　去 If： Had he tried it, he could have done it.(把 had移到主语 he的前面 )

　　3).Had he worked harder, he would have got through the exams.

　　4).Were he to leave today, he would get there by Friday.

　　5).Were I in your place, I wouldn't do that.

　　6).Had I seen the film, I would have discussed it with them last night.

　　假如我看了那部电影，昨晚我就可以和他们一起讨论了。

　　7).Were I a bird, I could fly freely.

　　假如我是一只小鸟，我就能自由翱翔。

　　8).Should it rain next week the farmers would have a good harvest.

　　要是下周能下雨的话，农民们就能有个好收成了。

　　如果虚拟条件句中有 were, had或 should时，把它们放在 if的位置上 ;但是如果条件句中没有 were, had或 should不能用倒装。

　　⑴ Should it rain tomorrow, what should we do? 要是明天下雨的话，我们怎么办呢 ? ⑵ Were I you, I would have asked him for some advice.要是我是你的话，我就向他请教了。

　　⑶ Were he to do this work by himself, he would get a lot of money.如果他自己能够做此工作，他就会得到一些钱。

　　在 "开放式条件句 "和让步状语从句中 should是被省略了的。在这种情况下，如果 if省略，动词 be与主语的位置要倒装。

　　⑴ If any person be guilty of a crime, the court shall have the right to appeal. (任何人犯罪，法院有权起诉。 )

　　Be any person guilty of a crime, the court shall have the right to appeal.

　　⑵ Whether she be right or wrong, she will have my unanswering support. (不管她是对还是错，我都会支持她的。 )

　　Be she right or wrong, she will have my unanswering support. ⑶ ____ ,I will take her as my wife. [A]Were she rich or poor [B]Being rich or poor [C]Be she poor or rich

　　[D]Whether is she poor or rich 注意：有时虚拟条件句并没来 if 从句表示出来，而是用介词短语 (otherwise, or, without, but for)、上下文或其它方式来表示。

　　⑴、 We didn't know his telephone number; otherwise we would have telephoned him. ⑵、 Without you help, I wouldn't have achieved so much. ⑶、 But for your help, I would not have succeeded. 有时虚拟条件句的从句或主句都可以省略其中一个：

　　1. I could help you. (只有主句 )

　　2. If I had time. (只有从句 )

　　3. She should have come to the meeting. (只有主句 )

　　4. If he had much more money. (只有从句 )