2015年6月英语六级真题答案完整版(试卷一)

2015年6月英语六级真题答案完整版(试卷一)

　　作文真题

　　听力真题

　　Short conversations

　　1.

　　W: Can you come to the concert with me this weekend or do you have to prepare for exams?

　　M: I still have a lot to do. But maybe a break will do me good.

　　Q: What will the man probably do?

　　2.

　　W: What does the paper say about the horrible incident that happened this morning on Flight 870 to Hong Kong?

　　M: It ended with the arrest of the three hijackers. They have forced the plane to fly to Japan. But all the passengers and the crewmembers landed safely.

　　Q: What do we learn from the conversation?

　　3.

　　M: Helen, this is the most fascinating article I’ve ever come across. I think you should spare some time to read it.

　　W: Oh, really? I thought that anything about the election would be tedious.

　　Q: What are the speakers talking about?

　　4.

　　W: I’m not going to trust the restaurant critic from that magazine again. The food here doesn’t taste anything like what we had in Chinatown.

　　M: It definitely wasn’t worth the wait.

　　Q: What do we learn from the conversation?

　　5.

　　W: Do you know what’s wrong with Mark? He’s been acting very strangely lately.

　　M: Come on. With his mother hospitalized right after he’s taking on a new job, he's just got a lot on his mind.

　　Q: What do we learn from the conversation about Mark?

　　6.

　　W: There were only 20 students at last night’s meeting, so nothing could be voted on.

　　M: That’s too bad. They'll have to turn up in greater numbers if they want a voice on campus issues.

　　Q: What does the man mean?

　　7.

　　M: I try to watch TV as little as possible. But it’s so hard.

　　W: I didn’t watch TV at all before I retired. But now I can hardly tear myself away from it.

　　Q: What do we learn from the conversation?

　　8.

　　W: I’m having a problem registering for the classes I want.

　　M: That’s too bad. But I’m pretty sure you’ll be able to work everything out before the semester starts.

　　Q: What does the man mean?

　　长对话1

　　Long Conversation 1

　　W: Jack, sit down and listen. This is important. We have to tackle the problems of exporting step by step. And the first move is to get an up-to-date picture of where we stand now.

　　M: Why don't we just concentrate on expanding here at home?

　　W: Of course we should hold on to our position here, but you must admit the market here is limited.

　　M: Yes, but it's safe. The government keeps out foreigners with import controls. So I must admit I feel sure we could hold our own against the foreign bikes.

　　W: I agree. That’s why I'm suggesting exporting, because I feel we can compete with the best of them.

　　M: What you are really saying is that we'd make more profit by selling bikes abroad, where we have a cost advantage and can charge higher prices.

　　W: Exactly.

　　M: But…Wait a minute! Packaging, shipping, financing, etc. will push up our costs and we could end up no better-off. Maybe worse-off.

　　W: Okay. Now there are extra costs involved. But if we do it right, they can be built into the price of the bike, and we can still be competitive.

　　M: How sure are you about our chances of success in the foreign market?

　　W: Well, that's the sticky one. It's going to need a lot of research. I'm hoping to get your help. Oh, come on Jack! Is that worth it or not?

　　M: There'll be a lot of problems.

　　W: Nothing we can't handle.

　　M: Um… I'm not that hopeful. But… yes, I think we should go ahead with the feasibility study.

　　W: Marvelous, Jack. I was hoping you be on my side.

　　Questions 9 to 12 are based on the conversation you have just heard.

　　9. What does the woman intend to do?

　　10. Why does the man think it’s safe to focus on the home market?

　　11. What is the man's concern about selling bikes abroad?

　　12. What do the speakers agree to do?

　　Long conversation2

　　长对话二

　　W: What does the term alternative energy source mean?

　　M: When you think of energy or fuel for our homes and cars, we think of petroleum or fossil fuel processed from oil removed from the ground of which there is a limited supply. But alternative fuels can be many things, wind, sun and water can all be used to create fuel.

　　W: Is the threat of running out of petroleum real?

　　M: It has taken thousands of years to create the natural stores of petroleum we have now. We are using what is available at a much faster rate than it has been produced over time. The real controversy surrounding the amounts of petroleum we have is how much we need to keep in reserve for future use. Most experts agree that by around 2025 the amount of petroleum we use will reach a peak then production and availability will begin to seriously decline. This is not to say there will be no petroleum at this point, but it willbecome very difficult and therefore expensive to extract.

　　W: Is that the most important reason to develop alternative fuel and energy sources?

　　M: There're two very clear reasons to do so. One is that whether we have 60 or 600 years of fossil fuels left, we have to find other fuel sources eventually, so the sooner we start, the better off we will be. The other big argument is that when you burn fossil fuels, you release substances trapped in the ground for a long time, which leads to some long term negative effects like global warming and greenhouse effect.

　　13. What do we usually refer to when we talk about energy according to the man?

　　14. What do most experts agree on according to the man?

　　15. What does the man think we should do now?

　　短文一

　　Passage One

　　Karen Smith is a buyer for a department store in New York. Department store buyers purchase the goods that their stores sell. They not only have to know what is fashionable at the moment, but also have to guess what will become fashionable next season or next year.

　　Most buyers work for just one department in a store, but the goods that Karen finds may be displayed and sold in several different sections of the store. Her job involves buying handicrafts from all over the world.

　　Last year, she made a trip to Morocco, and returned with rugs, pots, dishes, and pans. The year before, she visited Mexico, and brought back hand-made table cloths, mirrors with frames of tin, and paper flowers. The paper flowers are bright and colorful, so they were used to decorate the whole store. This year, Karen is traveling in Malaysia, Thailand, and Indonesia. Many of the countries that Karen visits have government offices that promote handicrafts. They officials are glad to cooperate with her, by showing her the products that are available.

　　Karen especially likes to visit markets and small towns and villages whenever she can arrange for it. She’s always looking for interesting and unusual items. Karen thinks she has the best job she could have found. She loves all the traveling that she has to do,because she often visits markets and small out-of-the-way places. She sees much more of the country she visits than an ordinary tourists would. As soon as she gets back to New York from one trip, Karen begins to plan another.

　　16. What is said to make a good department store buyer?

　　17. What does Karen’s job involve?

　　18. Why does Karen think she has got the best job?

　　Passage Two

　　Mark felt that it was time for him to take part in his community, so he went to the neighborhood meeting after work. The area city council woman was leading a discussion about how the quality of life was on the decline. The neighborhood faced many problems. Mark looked at the charts taped to the walls. There were charts for parking problems, crime, and for problems in vacant buildings. Mark read from the charts, “Police patrols cut back, illegal parking up 20%”. People were supposed to suggest solutions to the council woman. It was too much for Mark. “The problems are too big”, he thought. He turned to the man next to him and said, “I think this is a waste of my time. Nothing I can do would make a difference here.”

　　As he neared the bus stop on his way home, Mark saw a woman carrying a grocery bag, and a baby. As Mark got closer, her other child, a little boy, suddenly darted into the street. The woman tried to reach for him, but as she moved, her bag shifted, and groceries started to fall out. Mark ran to take the boy’s arm and led him back to his mother. “You gotta stay with mom,” he said. Then he picked up the stray groceries while and the woman smiled in relief. “Thanks,” she said, “You’ve got great timing.” “Just being neighborly,” Mark said. As he rode home, he glanced at the poster near his seat in the bus. Small acts of kindness add up. Mark smiled and thought, “Maybe that’s a good place to start.”

　　19. What did Mark think he should start doing?

　　20. What was being discussed when Mark arrived at the neighborhood meeting?

　　21. What did Mark think of the community’s problems?

　　22. Why did Mark smile on his ride home?

　　Passage Three

　　And if stress in childhood can lead to heart disease, what about current stresses? Longer work hours, threats of layoffs, collapse in pension funds. A study last year in the Lancered examined more than 11,000 heart attack sufferers from 52 countries. It found that in the year before their heart attacks, patients have been under significantly more stress than some 13,000 healthy control subjects. Those stresses came from work, family, financial trouble, depression and other causes.

　　Each of these factors individually was associated with increased risk, says Dr. Salim Yosef, professor of medicine at Canada’s McMaster University, and senior investigator on the study. Together they accounted for 30% of overall heart attack risk, but people respond differently to high pressure work situations. Whether it produces heart problems seems to depend on whether you have a sense of control over life, or live at the mercy of circumstances and superiors.

　　That was the experience of Jano Cano, a roughed Illinois laboratory manager, who suffered his first heart attack in 1996 at the age of 56. In the two years before, his mother and two of his children had suffered serious illnesses, and his job had been changed in a reorganization. “My life seemed completely out of control,” he says, “I had no idea where I would end up.” He ended up in hospital due to a block in his artery. Two months later, he had a triple bypass surgery. A second heart attack when he was 58 left his doctor shaking his head. “There’s nothing more we can do for you,” doctors told him.

　　23. What does the passage mainly discuss?

　　24. What do we learn about Jano Cano’s family?

　　25. What did Jano Cano’s doctors tell him when he had a second heart attack?

　　Spot Dictation

　　When most people think of the word “education”, they think of a pupil as a sort of animate sausage casing. Into this empty casting, the teachers are supposed to stuff “education.”

　　But genuine education, as Socrates knew more than two thousand years ago, is not inserting the stuffing of information into a person, but rather eliciting knowledge from him; it is the drawing-out of what is in the mind.

　　“The most important part of education,” once wrote William Ernest Hocking, the distinguished Harvard philosopher, “is this instruction of a man in what he has inside of him.”

　　And, as Edith Hamilton has reminded us, Socrates never said, “I know, learn from me.” He said, rather, “Look into your own selves and find the spark of the truth that God has put into every heart and that only you can kindle to a flame.”

　　In a dialogue, Socrates takes an ignorant slave boy, without a day of schooling, and proves to the amazed observers that the boy really “knows” geometry – because the principles of geometry are already in his mind, waiting to be called out.

　　So many of the discussions and controversies about the content of education are useless and inconclusive because they are concerned with what should “go into” the student rather than with what should be taken out, and how this can best be done.

　　The college student who once said to me, after a lecture, “I spend so much time studying that I don’t have a chance to learn anything,” was clearly expressing his dissatisfaction with the sausage casing view of education.

　　翻译真题

　　中国传统的待客之道要求饭菜丰富多样，让客人吃不完。中国宴席上典型的菜单包括开席的一套凉菜及其后的热菜，例如肉类、鸡鸭、蔬菜等。大多数宴席上，全鱼被认为是必不可少的，除非已经上过各式海鲜。如今，中国人喜欢把西方特色菜与传统中式菜肴融于一席，因此牛排上桌也不少见。沙拉也已流行起来，尽管传统上中国人一般不吃任何未经烹饪的菜肴。宴席通常至少有一道汤，可以最先上或最后上桌。甜点和水果通常标志宴席的结束。

　　写作答案

　　Practice is the Key to Knowledge

　　Nowadays almost every person has a clear notion about the importance of knowledge, with which we can make great difference to our world. However, the contribution of practice should also be awarded.

　　Practice is considered significant because it can turn abstract ideas into tangible results. Only through practice can we truly develop our own understanding about the essence of the new knowledge, or else the treasure of knowledge would still be words printed on papers. Moreover, the vilification of new theories requires us to focus more on the practical side, which helps people to learn better compared with the mechanical way of reading and memorizing. In addition, practice makes people acquire information in an active way, thus more innovative thoughts are likely to be generated in the process and then applied to make our future life more exciting.

　　As far as I am concerned, practice is essential for people to understand, to review and to optimize the information we receive. It is practice that produces enjoyable life and makes knowledge truly valuable.

　　本题由谚语 “Knowledge is a treasure, but practice is the key to it.” 引出话题，探讨知识、实践之间的关系，突出知识的必要性和实践的关键性。话题与往年出现的正确学习方式、知识的实际效用和实践带来的优势都有关联，和大学生目前的学习生活联系紧密。本题难度适中，考生对此普遍有话可说。

　　正如我们在考前押题中所讲，建议考生针对此话题采取三段式写作。

　　三段式：

　　第一段：简要点明本篇文章的两个重点：知识(Nowadays almost every person has a clear notion about the importance of knowledge) 和实践(the contribution of practice should also be awarded.)，其中，先铺垫知识重要性，接着用however转折引出需要重点论述的后者，过渡到下文的具体论述。

　　第二段：确立观点，具体论述：

　　原因一：实践能把抽象理论变成具体成果 (it can turn abstract ideas into tangible results.)+ 具体说明(only through…)+ 反面说明(or else…);原因二：实践可以把新旧知识串联融合(moreover,…. connects what we already knew before);原因三：实践能让人产生基于知识的新想法(In addition,…more innovative thoughts are likely to be generated)

　　第三段：As far as I am concerned… 总结全文，强调句重申观点。

　　以上为英语六级作文点评，大家要挖掘实践与认知的关系，深入浅出，写出一篇表达清晰、无语法错误的文章。希望大家总结经验，下次考得更高!

　　听力答案

　　短对话答案

　　1. C. Attend the concert.

　　2. D. None of the passengers were injured or killed.

　　3. A. An article about the election.

　　4. A. The restaurant was not up to the speaker’s expectations.

　　5. C. He has many things to deal with right now.

　　6. D. More students have to appear to make their voice heard.

　　7. B. The speakers like watching TV very much.

　　8. D. The woman will be able to attend the classes she wants.

　　长对话一

　　9. C) Export bikes to foreign markets.

　　10. B) The government has control over bicycle imports.

　　11. A) Extra costs might eat up their profits abroad.

　　12. C) Conduct a feasibility study.

　　长对话二

　　13. B) Anything that can be used to produce power.

　　14. D) Oil production will begin to decline worldwide by 2025.

　　15. B) Start developing alternative fuels.

　　长对话1 点评

　　【点评】

　　长对话一：

　　本段对话中，男女主人公就拓展海外自行车市场的问题进行了讨论。首先双方讨论了目前公司的现状。女士认为不仅要保持目前公司在国内的发展势头，同时要拓展国外市场，因为国内市场比较局限;而男士认为继续在国内市场发展比较安全，因为国家会控制海外公司的进口，从而能保证公司在国内的发展空间。其次，讨论到拓展海外市场可能遇到的问题时，男士认为出口业务所涉及的包装、货运、财务等等都会增加公司的运营成本，从而会降低公司收益;但女士认为只要操作得当，增加的成本可以折算、添加到产品价格中。最终，两人达成共识，认为这一问题还需进一步商榷，而眼下需要进行可行性调研。

　　这是典型六级听力商务类长对话的模式：讨论商务/工作场合遇到的问题，对话双方各自发表观点，最终达成共识并落实行动计划。听的过程中，需要考生注意辨别双方意见的不同点，把握细节。

　　长对话2 点评

　　【点评】

　　长对话二：

　　本段长对话比较难，考查的话题是大部分考生不熟悉的科技类话题。对话中，女士先就什么是可替代能源提问，男士从传统能源定义引出了关于可替代能源的定义。女士再问石油危机是真的吗?男士分析了目前石油的储存情况和使用情况。然后谈到专家一致认为未来在2050年会出现石油产出下降，出现供不应求的状况。男士还特意强调这种现象的出现并不是因为石油本身的量不够，而是因为提炼费用会太贵所导致。女士紧追男士的观点问道：这就是为什么需要开发替代能源的原因吗?男士指出有两大原因：一是不管传统能源有多少，新能源开发都是越早越好;二是燃烧传统能源会导致大量环境问题，比如：全球变暖和温室效应。

　　本对话中大量科技方面的词汇和术语会让许多考生听起来非常纠结，很多词汇和表达听不懂。例如：petroleum(石油)， fossil fuel(化石燃料)，greenhouse effect(温室效应)等都相对较难。

　　但同时之前讲到的注意预读选项，紧盯选项中出现过的信息并听其后的考点，能够较好地帮助大家排出干扰，不去纠结那些听不懂且不重要的信息。例如：选项中的数字2025，就能很好地帮助考生做出正确选择。

　　短文1答案

　　16. A) The ability to predict fashion trend.

　　17. D) Purchasing handicrafts from all over the world.

　　18. B) She is doing what she enjoys doing.

　　短文1 点评

　　【总评】

　　本篇短文主要讲述作为百货商店买手的Karen Smith环游世界采购商品的个人经历。文章为总分结构。

　　第16题，答案出现在文章的开头部分，They not only have to know what is fashionable at the moment, but also have to guess what will become fashionable next season or next year. 告诉我们，买手们不但要熟知当下的流行，并且能够预测下一季或是明天的流行趋势。

　　句中反复出现选项中的fashion一次，根据所听即所得原则，本题应选择A. The ability to predict fashion trend.

　　第17题，同样考察同学们的对于细节的把握，根据文中的，Her job involves buying handicrafts from all over the world. 以及之后所例举的国家地名等，可以知道，Karen的工作内容与选项D Purchasing handicrafts from all over the world.相吻合。

　　第18题，问到为何Karen认为她拥有世上最棒的工作。根据文中所提到的，Karen喜欢所有她的旅行经历，我们可以知道这里应该选择B. She is doing what she enjoys doing.

　　本文在听题过程中，只需要抓住概括性的话语即可，所举的事例都可以忽略。难度并不高。

　　短文2答案

　　19. B) Get involved in his community.

　　20. A) Deterioration in the quality of life.

　　21. D) They are too big for individual efforts.

　　22. C) He had done a small deed of kindness.

　　短文2 点评

　　【总评】

　　本篇短文为叙述文章，讲述主人公Mark在社区的个人经历。

　　第19题，答案出现在文章的开头部分，Mark felt that it was time for him to take part in his community, so he went to the neighborhood meeting after work. 句中出现选项中关键词community。选项B. Get involved in his community为原文内容的同义替换。

　　第20题，答案紧随其后，The area city council woman was leading a discussion about how the quality of life was on the decline. 这里的the quality of life生活质量是选项中的关键词，同时，on the decline在选项中被同义替换为deterioration。

　　第21题，关于Mark对于社区问题的看法，文中相对应的原文为It was too much for Mark. “The problems are too big”, he thought. 因此在Mark看来这些问题对于个人而言太大了，是理所不能及的，因此应该选择D. They are too big for individual efforts.

　　第22题，提问在回家的路上Mark为何笑了，可以通过对路上发生的事情进行概括，因为他从小善开始做起。

　　在人物个人经历的文章中，我们可以从人物本身的活动与想法语言中得到关键信息。本篇难度适中。

　　短文3答案

　　23. B) Pressure and disease.

　　24. A) It experienced a series of misfortunes.

　　25. C) They could do nothing to help him.

　　短文3 点评

　　【总评】

　　本篇短文仍是总分结构。在文章开头提出议题，而后文中通过事例来具体解说。

　　第23题，对全文的主旨进行提问。根据开头And if stress in childhood can lead to heart disease, what about current stresses? 我们可以知道文章讨论的就是压力与心脏病之间的关系。

　　第24题，是对于后文一家人的遭遇进行提问，我们可以看到这家人遭遇了一系列的不幸，他本人，与家人都先后得病，因此应该选择A. It experienced a series of misfortunes.

　　第25题，对于在他第二次心脏病发后医生说的话进行提问。相对难度较低，只要听到医生说，“There’s nothing more we can do for you,” 我们就可以知道应该选择C. They could do nothing to help him.

　　本文在做题过程中，更多的需要同学问在理解的基础上进行答题，难度相对较高。

　　听力填空

　　26. are supposed to

　　27. inserting

　　28. drawing-out

　　29. distinguished

　　30. spark

　　31. flame

　　32. schooling

　　33. controversies

　　34. are concerned with

　　35. dissatisfaction

　　选词填空答案

　　36. N) swept

　　37. B) displaced

　　38. I) prosperity

　　39. H) productive

　　40. C) employed

　　41. F) jobless

　　42. M) shrunk

　　43. A) benefits

　　44. E) impact

　　45. D) eventually

　　长篇阅读

　　46. According to Duncan Watts, the superiority of the "Mona Lisa" to Leonardo's other works resulted from the cumulative advantage.

　　E) The process described by Cutting…

　　47. Some social scientists have raised doubts about the intrinsic value of certain works of art.

　　B) The intuitive answer is that some works of art…

　　48. It is often random events or preference that determine the fate of a piece of art.

　　H) Although many have tried…

　　49. In his experiment, Cutting found that his subjects liked lesser known works better than canonical works because of more exposure.

　　C) Cutting, a professor at Cornell University, …

　　50. The author thinks the greatness of an art work still lies in its intrinsic value.

　　K) The intrinsic quality of a work of art is starting to…

　　51. It is true of critics as well as ordinary people that the popularity of artistic works is closely associated with publicity.

　　D) Cutting believes his experiment offers…

　　52. We need to expose ourselves to more art and literature in order to tell the superior from the inferior.

　　L) A study in the British Journal of Aesthetics suggests…

　　53. A study of the history of the greatest paintings suggests even a great work of art could experience years of neglect.

　　F) When Watts looked into the history of…

　　54. Culture is still used as a mark to distinguish one social class from another.

　　J) Although the rigid high-low distinction…

　　55. Opinions about and preferences for cultural objects are often inheritable.

　　I) "Saying that cultural objects have value," …

　　仔细阅读1

　　Passage One

　　56. C) Unemployment.

　　57. D) Pour money into the market through asset buying

　　58. B) Deflation.

　　59. C) Tighten financial regulation.

　　60. A) She possesses strong persuasive power.

　　这是一篇经济类的文章，来自time readers网站2014年2月的一篇文章。

　　文章提到Janet Yellen即将成为美联储的下一任主席，而她将面临非常重要的失业问题。Yellen之前作为美联储的副主席，曾经通过买进资产的方式帮助美国应对2008年的财政危机。而她就任后将通过加强财政监管的方式来解决面临的经济问题。Yellen因其较强的说服力，严密的逻辑思维，及乐于倾听的态度，被认为能胜任这样一份工作。

　　文章本身有一定难度，特别是涉及到一些经济类的词汇。但只要紧扣题干关键词，根据顺序原则定位到相应的段落及对应的信息，是可以找到正确答案的。美国经济的文章一直为命题者所青睐，考生在备考时可多加留意。

　　卷1 仔细阅读 Passage Two

　　61. A: To get their share of clean air.

　　62. C: Offering preferential treatment to wealthy countries.

　　63. B: Our relationship to the plant world.

　　64. D: By pooling their efforts together.

　　65. C: Share life with nature.

　　这是一篇关于空气污染的议论文，节选于The Guardian《卫报》网站一篇题为Without clean air, we have nothing 《没有清洁空气，我们一无所有》的文章。文章指出，人们会因为要享有清洁的空气而争斗起来。文章批判了西方政界对空气污染的忽视，并呼吁读者重视人类与地球绿色植被的关系，通过与自然和谐共处求得生存。

　　文章本身话题和语言难度不高，根据题目关键词定位到相应段落进行思考，就比较容易选出正确答案。

　　长篇阅读点评

　　本篇长篇阅读的主题围绕艺术展开，以世界名画《蒙娜丽莎的微笑》为例，向我们阐述了作品是如何被人们评价为杰作的。

　　本文难度并不大，如果能按照大写字母、名词结构、形容词等关键词进行定位的话，会发现10个题均可以到原文中找到复现。而且这次并没有出现一个段落对应多题的情况，所以对拿到本篇的考生来说，应该可以正常发挥。

　　翻译答案

　　中国传统的待客之道要求饭菜丰富多样，让客人吃不完。中国宴席上典型的菜单包括开席的一套凉菜及其后的热菜，例如肉类、鸡鸭、蔬菜等。大多数宴席上，全鱼被认为是必不可少的，除非已经上过各式海鲜。如今，中国人喜欢把西方特色菜与传统中式菜肴融于一席，因此牛排上桌也不少见。沙拉也已流行起来，尽管传统上中国人一般不吃任何未经烹饪的菜肴。宴席通常至少有一道汤，可以最先上或最后上桌。甜点和水果通常标志宴席的结束。

　　The traditional Chinese hospitality requires food diversity, so that guests will be full before eating up all the dishes. A typical Chinese banquet menu includes cold dishes served at the beginning, followed by hot dishes, such as meat, poultry, vegetables, etc. At most banquets, the whole fish is considered to be essential, unless various kinds of seafood have been served already. Today, Chinese people would like to combine Western specialties with traditional Chinese dishes. Therefore, it is not rare to see steak being served as well. Salad is gaining popularity, although traditionally the Chinese people generally do not eat any food without cooking. There is usually at least a bowl of soup, served at the beginning or in the end of the dinner party. Desserts and fruit usually mark the end of the feast.

　　点评：

　　1. 词汇考查：今年这套六级翻译考查了大量的饮食词汇，对于吃货来说，甜点神马的不是问题。除此之外，还考察的词汇有，宴席(banquet/feast/dinner party)、鸡鸭(poultry)、全鱼(whole fish)、海鲜(seafood)。

　　2. 语法考查：因果关系的考察(因此牛排上桌也不少见)，被动语态的考察(全鱼被认为是必不可少的，除非已经上过各式海鲜)，转折关系的考察(尽管传统上中国人一般不吃任何未经烹饪的菜肴)，无主句翻译的考察(可以最先上或最后上桌)。